and, no you can't use y-dna haplotypes to determine race, either.

not rigorously.

consider the curious example of the black r1b populations in africa. we don't care how that got there right now, i'm just drawing your attention to the fact that there is, in fact, a black population with overwhelming r1b y-dna, which we usually think of as the "white gene".

https://haplomaps.com/the-euro-african-or-the-story-of-the-haplogroup-r1b/

clearly, that gene ain't so white, is it?

it's also true that some indigenous groups in canada have upwards of 80% r1* ancestry. we can talk about how that happened some other time. right now, simply note that it's true, and it doesn't affect the phenotypes (or not as much as you'd imagine it does).